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Evolution Korea The financial crisis that hit Asia caused a major review of the traditional system of government, business alliances, as well as public management of risks. In Korea this meant a shift in the model of development. In a controversial move, South Korea's government has requested textbook publishers to ignore calls to remove examples of evolution from science textbooks for high school students. This includes evidence of the evolution of horses and of the Avian ancestral Archaeopteryx. 1. Evolution and Religion A South Korean creationist group has convinced textbook publishers to eliminate evidence of evolution from high school science texts. The Society for Textbook Revise, an offshoot of the Korea Association for Creation Research which aims to rid biology textbooks of “atheist materialism,” was behind the move. The STR claims such materialism portrays an image of negativity for students, leading them to lose faith. When the STR's ad campaign made the news, scientists from all over the world expressed worry. Jae Choe, an evolutionary biologist at Ewha Womans University, Seoul wrote in a letter to Nature's editor that South Korea had succumbed to religious prejudice. He was supported by colleagues from across the country, who formed an organization called Evolution Korea to organize a petition against the textbook changes. Some researchers are also worried that the STR campaign will spread to other regions of the world where creationism is on the rise. The letter to Nature warned that the anti-evolution movement could intensify pressure for revisions to textbooks in other countries, especially those with strong Christian and Muslim population. South Korea has a particularly significant cultural context for the debate on evolution. Twenty-six percent of the country's residents belong to a religious denomination and the majority of them practice Christianity or Buddhism. In addition, many Koreans adhere to the philosophy of Ch'ondogyo. 에볼루션게이밍 is that is based on Confucian principles that emphasizes social harmony and personal self-cultivation. Ch'ondogyo is a way of teaching that the human being is one with Hanulnim the God of Sun and that heavenly blessings are achievable by doing good deeds. All of this has made creationism a fertile field. Numerous studies have found that students with a religious background to be more reluctant to learn about evolution than those who do not. However, the root causes of this phenomenon remain not clear. Students who are religious might be less familiar with the theories of science, making them more vulnerable to creationists influence. Another reason could be that students who have a religious background may view evolution as a belief system that is atheistic, making them less comfortable. 2. Evolution and Science In recent times, the scientific community has been concerned about the anti-evolution agenda in schools. A survey in 2009 revealed that 40% of Americans believed that biological evolution was wrong and that it would conflict their religious beliefs. Despite the fact that creationism has been a huge success in some states, a lot of scientists believe that the best strategy to counter this movement is not to engage it, but to educate the public on the evidence supporting evolution. Scientists are accountable to teach their students science, which includes the theory of evolution. They also need to educate the public on the research process and how knowledge is verified. They must also explain that theories of science are often challenged and re-examined. However, misunderstandings regarding the nature of scientific research frequently cause people to believe that evolution is not real. For example, some people may confuse the word “theory” with the common meaning of the word – a hunch or guess. In the realm of science theories are thoroughly tested and verified using empirical evidence. A theory that is tested and observed repeatedly becomes a scientific principle. The debate about evolutionary theory is a good opportunity to discuss the significance of the scientific method and its limitations. It is important that people understand that science cannot answer questions about life's purpose or meaning, but allows living things to develop and adapt. A well-rounded education must include exposure to all major fields of science including evolutionary biology. This is crucial because a lot of jobs and choices require individuals understand how science operates. The majority of scientists around the world agree that humans have changed over time. A recent study that predicted adults' opinions of the consensus on this subject found that those with higher levels of education and scientific knowledge were more likely to believe there is a broad agreement between scientists regarding human evolution. Those with more religious faith but less knowledge of science tend to disagree more. It is important that educators emphasize the importance of understanding this consensus, so that people can make informed choices about the use of energy, health care and other issues of policy. 3. Evolution and Culture A close cousin to mainstream evolutionary theory, the concept of cultural evolution explores the many ways that humans and other species learn from and with each other. Researchers in this field use elaborate models and tools that are adapted from those employed by evolutionary theorists. they look back to human prehistory to find out the origins of our capacity to learn about culture. This approach also recognizes that there are differences between biological and cultural characteristics. Cultural traits are acquired slowly, whereas biological traits are typically acquired simultaneously (in sexual species, at fertilization). As a result, the emergence of one cultural trait may affect the development of another. In Korea for instance the introduction of Western fashion elements in the latter half of the 19th and early 20th century was the result of a complicated sequence of events. One of the most important was the arrival in Korea of Japanese occupation forces that introduced Western hairstyles and clothes. After that, when Japan departed Korea in the 1930s, a few of these trends began to change. At the close of World War II, Korea was once more united, this time under the rule of the Choson dynasty. Today, Korea is a vibrant political and economic power. Despite the current global financial crisis, the country's economy has been growing steadily over the last decade and is expected to sustain its steady growth in the near future. The current government is facing a variety of challenges. The inability of the government to come up with an effective strategy to deal with the current economic crisis is one the most significant challenges. The crisis has exposed the weaknesses of the country's economy policies, particularly its dependence on foreign investment and exports, which may not be sustainable in the long run. Since the financial crisis has destroyed the confidence of investors, the government must reconsider its economic strategy and come up with alternatives to increase domestic demand. To ensure a stable financial climate the government will need to overhaul its incentive system, monitoring and discipline. This chapter presents several scenarios on how the Korean economy might develop in a post-crisis world. 4. Evolution and Education The challenge for educators of evolution is how to teach evolutionary concepts that are appropriate for different stages of development and ages. Teachers should, for instance be mindful of the diversity of religions within their classrooms and create a welcoming environment where students from both secular and religious beliefs feel comfortable. Additionally, teachers must be aware of the most common misconceptions about evolution and how to address them in their classrooms. Finally, teachers must be able to access a range of resources available for teaching evolution and be able to locate them quickly. In this regard, the Thinking Evolutionarily Convocation had a key role in bringing together evolutionary researchers and educators from different sectors to discuss best methods of teaching Evolution. Participants included representatives from scientific societies and educational researchers, as well as officials of government funding agencies and curriculum designers. The convergence of these diverse stakeholders helped to identify a shared set of recommendations that will serve as the foundation for future actions. It is crucial to include evolution in all science curricula at every level. To accomplish this, the National Science Education Standards (NRC) require that evolution be taught in a unified way across the life sciences with a progression of ideas that are developmentally appropriate. Furthermore, a new publication from the NRC offers guidelines for schools on how to integrate evolution into the life science curriculum. Numerous studies have shown that a more comprehensive teaching of evolution is associated with higher levels of student understanding and belief in evolution. However the estimation of the causal impact of teaching in the classroom is difficult because school curriculums are not assigned randomly and change in time as a result of the predetermined timing of gubernatorial elections and appointments to the state board of education. To overcome this problem I employ an ongoing dataset that gives me control for the effects of years and states fixed as well as individual-level differences in teacher beliefs about evolutionary theory. Another significant finding is that teachers who feel more comfortable teaching about evolution report having fewer personal barriers to doing so. This is in line with the notion that more experienced faculty are less likely to avoid questions about evolution in the classroom, and may be more inclined to use strategies such as the reconciliatory method known to increase the acceptance of undergraduate students of evolution.